The history behind the debate over 'Chicano' and other labels goes as far back as 1848

What’s the difference between Chicano, Latino, Mexican American, Hispanic, Chicanx or Latinx?

Historically, the question of identification for Mexicans left in the U.S. after the U.S.-Mexico War ended in 1848 as to who we are and how we identify ourselves remains a generational “problem” or “issue,” to date. After 173 years, Chicanos remain a conquered, colonized, occupied, hunted and powerless people, due to this unresolved “problem” or “issue.”

Manifested by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexicans have been made strangers in their land, with thousands of babies and children incarcerated, a border wall, immigration raids and more Mexican youth in prisons than colleges. Conditions created by decades of institutional racism, discrimination and violence against Chicanos and Mexicans have stripped Chicanos of their history, language and culture, through the political tactics of divide and conquer.

The Bible states, “If a house is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand.” So the historical question becomes: How did we as a group go from identifying as Mexicans to using an “x”? For the first two generations, identification was simple but dangerous. People were Mexicans, born and raised in and citizens of what was then Mexico. State-sanctioned violence, repression, police actions, vigilantism and hangings of Mexicans made it dangerous. In the 1920s, after three generations of oppression, colonization, segregation and systemic teachings that being Mexican was the problem, members of a new generation defined themselves as “Latinos,” incorrectly in my opinion. Things like schools, the English language, military service and public signs stating “No Mexicans, N------s or dogs allowed” confirmed their incorrect conclusion for me. After decades of this, “Latinos” were unable to fool anyone except themselves. Then World War II erupted in 1940.

White draft boards started to draft Mexicans for the war effort and began to define Mexicans with the hyphened label “Mexican-American.” The reason? White draft boards refused especially in Texas to print the nationality of Mexicans as Americans, which in the segregated U.S. meant White. Twenty-five years later, in the mid-1960s, for the first time in U.S. history, the children of Mexican Americans identified themselves as Chicanos. To counter the growing Chicano movement’s call for self-determination, the U.S. government imposed in 1970 a one-shoe-fits-all label by defining Mexicans as Hispanics, along with Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Central and South Americans.

Today, nonsensical definitions have surfaced from White-controlled colleges, paid academicians and professors who have misled naive students to identify Raza as Chicanx and Latinx. So why Chicano instead of other labels for defined groups? To me, there are numerous reasons, including history, self-determination, historical struggle, self-respect and attempts at identification based on our Indigenous history, language and culture. As the old saying goes, he who defines controls. That is manifested by Latino, Mexican American, Hispanic, Chicanx and Latinx being defined by the White political system to control people.

Another practice of defining Chicanas and Chicanos was changing a child’s name. “My name was Ramón when I started kindergarten, but by the third grade, everybody called me ‘Raymond,’” Chicano great Ramón “Chunky” Sanchez sang in his song “Pocho.” Systemically, this changing of our names was the White system’s way of dictating who you were, what you learned and what you were going to be. In New Mexico, I witnessed as a child the disastrous results of dividing and conquering: persons identified themselves as Spaniards, Hispanos, Latinos, Mexican Americans, Mexicans and other terms. Ironically, their names, food and music were Mexican, but because of the division, one group did not speak to the others.